As a note, make sure that the incubation area is kept equally clean. However, this can range between 10 - 30 days, depending on bird species. They are bred for both exhibition and as backyard pets, and their popularity continues to grow due to their unique appearance and friendly personalities. Whether a broody mother hen is sitting on her clutch of eggs or you're incubating them yourself in an incubator, 21 days is the expected period. Health and care: Serama chicks are vulnerable to a range of health issues, including infections and parasites. They are known for their small size, upright posture, and colorful feathers, which set them apart from other breeds of chickens. She has been laying about an egg every other day. The Serama breed has a shorter hatching time for their young than other chicken breeds. Jersey Giant And OEG Bantam Are A Bonded Pair, Emergencies / Diseases / Injuries and Cures. The easiest way to do so is to change the size of the water pan/tray(s) in the bottom of the incubator or by putting a sponge in the pan to increase the evaporative surface. Please seek advice from a certified veterinarian in a case of emergency. Selective cross-breeding of the Japanese bantams with those bantams of Malaysia is what produced the original Serama breed. Subscribe my Newsletter for new blog posts, tips & new photos. The Serama is the worlds only true bantam breed, as there is no larger designated counterpart of the chicken. I have a little rooster and a hen they are awesome little ones I keep them inside since it gets really cold here in Oklahoma. If this gene is present in the hen, an estimated of the hens chick will not hatch. They can be prolific layers - up to 4 little eggs per week, but this can vary from strain to strain. However, excessive ventilation removes humidity and makes it difficult to heat incubators properly. Wheaten Serama Chicken. This stunning little chicken has become a firm favorite of many folks since they are so tiny and fit into a tiny area. The perfect first pet! So immediately after each hatch, thoroughly clean and disinfect all hatching trays, water pans and the floor of the Incubator. Ive only had one make the pip, zip, and escape on his own- I have no idea why, but they seem to be very different than other chickens. Not only do they do well within small spaces, but they are lovable, intelligent, and somewhat talkative birds as well. In 2000, the Serama breed was first seen imported to the United States by Jerry Schenxnayder. Unless shes brooding. Seramas are a friendly little chickena lot of personality packed into a small package. From what I read it can pip on day 19, but also run the same days as regular chicken eggs. Personally I feel that the forced air incubators offer better hatch rates because they keep the humidity at a constant level due to the circulation of the air.Still air incubators are typically smaller and air flow is harder to manage. This is a seriously nerve racking process, but i have found with the Serama (ONLY), if I dont help them out, THEY CANNOT make it out of the shell. This translates to a total of about 170 to 200 eggs in a year. Somewhere around 180-200 per year is usual. The American standard was written as a combination of slim and apple.. It has a long lifespan and the more interesting is the behavior of this chicken. A month after getting them, I was not disappointed ! Keep reading to learn more about this tiny chicken and see if it will fit into your flock. In the case of the broody hen please ensure that she is sitting solid and not merely having a sit down. If flock keepers find they have more than one rooster in the mix, they should separate them. Today is day 21. You'll know that pipping has started when you see a small hole in the shell. Brought her home and fell in love. Put baby immediately back into incubator to dry, and make sure air opening in incubator is open during hatching process for oxegen. The shell color can vary from white to a darker brown and shades between. They should be clean of feathers and four toes to each foot. If you're wondering how a tiny chick is able to pip a hole in its shell, it's because they're born with something called an 'egg tooth'. We live in the north Georgia mountains, USA. how long do serama eggs take to hatch. Raising Serama Chickens 101: Tips And Tricks For Beginners, Information on their health and common issues. The eggs will take time to warm to incubator temperature and many times in small incubators the incubator temperature will drop below 98F for the first 6-8 hours or until the egg warms to 99-100F. Cackle Hatchery Chick Ship Dates and Store Pickup Dates. Their unique appearance and compact size make them a popular choice for show competitions. Although they do lay eggs for you, you will need more than a couple for breakfast! https://www.thehappychickencoop.com/chicken-feed/ They need to eat crumbles or mash since the pellets are way too big for them. Their eyes are a bay red. The mother will carry the ootheca with her until the eggs How long does it take for bantams to lay eggs? Also, make sure to keep their run dry; they dont like boggy ground. They are the smallest breed of chicken in the world. Our blogs and articles are updated regularly with many different important topics on care, purchasing tips, fun facts, and more. Below: A selection of 6 Serama bantam hatching eggs. Even size A has difficulty in maintaining a good hatch rate. They generally live to be around 7 years but can occasionally make it to 10 years of age. If the eggs do remain viable, then you can assume that hatching will be delayed by about 2-3 days, and your hatch rate will seldom be over 50%. Serama chickens have a distinctive upright posture, with their tails held high and their necks and heads reaching skyward. There are two types of incubation. It is your responsibility to do your own due diligence before making a purchase. Hi Im in Ontario, Canada and am the proud and excited owner of so far 8 Seramas. Coop & Run - Design, Construction, & Maintenance. Feeding these chickens is pretty inexpensive; they will eat about 1lb of food per month. Well, the Serama eggs are small in size. Jennifer Enck, where in Southern WI? Seramas are not a breed known to have any health problem of a unique natureother than they originated from a more tropical environment, and some have been known to have issues with colder climates. You will want to set the temperature at 101 degrees for a still air incubator, and monitor the temperature constantly because there can be as much as a 5 degree difference in temperature between the bottom and the top of the incubator.Typically, since hot air rises, and the air in a still air incubator is not circulating, your eggs which are towards the bottom will be cooler then the temperature of the air at the top of the incubator. (Average Cost & Examples), What to Use as Chick Grit Substitute | Why Grit Is Important. Eggs of the Serama breed, smallest of all bantams, may hatch in 17 days or sometimes fewer. They have a very upright V posture; even their tail feathers are upright. Serama chickens are the smallest breed of chicken in the world, with adult birds typically weighing between 350-500 grams (0.8-1.1 pounds) and standing only 15-25 centimeters (6-10 inches) tall. They are not as noisy as some parrots, and they are quite at home, either walking or flying around the place. Sometimes, it can live for 10 years. Yeah I've hatched a few batches on Serama eggs and like you expected to see them hatch on day 19. Im in northern Pennsylvania. I just candled them and it looks like only 7 have chicks. They look permanently alert and on guard and were given the nicknames of toy soldier or fearless warrior.. Can you eat Serama bantam eggs? For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Many people make the mistake of helping the chick from the shell once it has pipped. Seramas will, from time to time, be somewhat assertive. Eggs which appear mottled or opaque are often not viable. Here are some things you will want to make sure you do. Do you know how long do serama chickens live? how to verify an unverified sender in outlook. I have two serama hens that are three year old and doing very well however I have been raising cream legbar and really taken a shine to a two week old hen. Anyone else notice this or am i just super impatient. Hello Everyone, I had 15 Serama eggs and on day 19, 1 hatched. The time can vary slightly based on the temperature of the water they are in. The wattles and the comb of the males are much larger than those of the Serama hens. How long do mystery snail eggs take to hatch? However, moving the about-to-hatch eggs to a separate hatcher results in a more successful hatch. Whether a broody mother hen is sitting on her clutch of eggs or you're incubating them yourself in an incubator, 21 days is the expected period. I hatched them from eggs I got from a friend they were tough to keep alive as babies feed them game bird starter and wet it down with warm water to make a slight paste. Serama eggs are tiny. No, but they are usually all done with 24-48 hours of the first pipping. The problem I am from canada and cant get them from US. The Serama has three separate standards depending on where you are located (Malaysian, US, and the UK). Publications In some cases, there may be something wrong with the embryo and it won't hatch no matter what you do. I was told that Serama eggs hatch on day 19 but can't seem to find the answer to my question. I've explained some of the ways you can check if the chick inside is alive and ready to hatch, as well as reasons why it might take a little longer than 21 days. You are using an out of date browser. Because of their small size, it is best not to provide them with more than 4-6 eggs when broody, as their little bodies are not capable of sufficiently covering and sitting them all. The Asian flu epidemic almost wiped out these little beauties, but they have bounced back wonderfully. Planning a Road Trip to Missouri? Can produce as many as 400 cockroaches in its confined area alone animals in Colombia and adding. Serama bantam chickens lay eggs for 5 years and the number of eggs they produce reduces every year by around 15%. They are active and interested birds that like to explore their environment and talk to their owners. The answer to this question can vary depending on a few different factors, but typically, it takes around . However, this does not prove to be the norm for fertility for those birds raised in a more northern climate. The eggs take almost precisely 35 days to hatch. You will find that they drop a few feathers here and there but nothing like a major molt. Looking for a home for them. Likewise, the eggs of bantam ducks and Khaki Campbells have a shorter incubation period than most other duck breeds. Hi. In general, large chicken eggs such as Jersey Giant eggs take longer than 21 days by as much as 2 days. This identified 23 of 1895 (1.2%) records with evidence of louse nymphs emerging at 13 days or more after the first treatment, 3-6 days longer than previous estimates. In particular, Serama roosters are known for their loud crowing and can be very possessive of their territory, particularly during the breeding season. The pip. Rest easy because the hardest part of the process is behind you, and chew your fingernails because the most intense and risky part is ahead of you. Hi, One way to do this is to candle the egg as previously explained. I live in Oregon, USA. Right now I have 19 eggs in my incubator. KnowYourChickens.com does not intend to provide veterinary advice. After the power comes back on, you will want to candle the eggs 4 to 6 days later to check for further development or signs of life. Seramas are prolific year-round egg layers, with the peak of their fertility months typically falling between November and February. They wont be fully mature until 15-18 months. Apparently, they had been raised on the crumble until that point so I switched them to Starter/Grower as soon as I could. Because of their size, if there is a problem or issue with predators, one can easily fit two to three birds into an indoor small aviary or pen to be kept safe. Thanks. We want one more. If kept as house birds what size is the suggested enclosure for a couple of seramas. If you think about how much clothing it takes to maintain your normal body temperature of 98.6 in wintertime, you can see that maintaining incubator temperature is quite possible. See more here: https://www.thehappychickencoop.com/keeping-chickens-warm-during-winter/ Two or three birds can fit into a small indoor aviary or pen to be kept safe from predators. This is critical on home-made incubators. Pet chickens: Serama chickens are popular as pet chickens due to their small size, friendly personalities, and colorful plumage. Always ensure she has plenty of food and water and peace and quiet. My very first serama eggs were hatched under a silkie. His importing of the Serama breed was nothing short of a major achievement, as just a few years later when the Asian Bird Flu outbreak hit, the US banned all imports of birds. From 22 to 28 weeks of age depending on what time of year you raise them. I own many seramas and hatch my own from my pair. If you want to know more about chickens, quail, and goats, The Happy Chicken Coop is the place to be! So, when combining their eggs with those of other chicken breeds, add them to the incubator a day later than the other breeds. So little in fact that it would take five Serama eggs to equal the size and content of one store-bought grade A egg. Hi everybody. Anyone else notice this or am i just super impatient. Your email address will not be published. This is my second batch of serama eggs and we are now going into day 20. This is unavoidable, and something you'll discover when the chick doesn't hatch unless you manage to catch it around day 21 and help the chick hatch. You should always use a bantam chicken to hatch Serama eggs naturally as a large fowl is too big and heavy for the little eggs.Once you have chosen the best eggs for incubation it is time to either set under your broody hen or in the incubator. They are very sociable with people, love to be held and cosseted, and are quiet compared to standard hens. You should always inspect eggs closely and candle them as well to give them a thorough check for a live chick inside. 12+ TINY Malaysian SERAMA Fertile Eggs~straight/Frizzle A/B - 6762044133. It had a description of Seramas with a photo and I thought how fun it would be to own some of them. Raising Goats The Complete How To Guide, Bantam Chickens: Breeds, Egg Laying, Size and Care Guide, The Simple Way to Tell How Old Your Chickens Are, Chicken Molting: What Is It and How to Help Your Hens With It, The Best Chicken Harness: What to Know Before Buying, Sebright Chicken: Silver, Golden and Care Guide, https://www.thehappychickencoop.com/chicken-feed/, https://www.thehappychickencoop.com/keeping-chickens-warm-during-winter/, Black Bengal Goat: Characteristics, Feeding & Health, Keeping Pests Out of Your Birdcage: A Complete Guide, How to Introduce New Birds to a Flock: A Simple Guide. Seramas make exceptional pets and are excellent with small children. Respiratory infections: Serama chickens are prone to respiratory infections, which can cause coughing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing. Something else to note is the fact that they molt continuously. These little chickens are very friendly and love to follow their humans around in the house. On day 18, I raise humidity to 70%, then My rule of thumb is that if I see a pip in the shell( day 19, or 20) I mark down what time pip occurred,(chick should audibly peep back at you at this point) wait 24 hours (for yolk to be fully absorbed) then, (contrary to everything I've ever read), I intervene. Your email address will not be published. Is there a website I can go to that would tell me the correct setup for the bird or 2. If so, let us know in the comments section below, Hi, Before you set your eggs you will want to heat the incubator up to the desired temperature and MAINTAIN it there for at least 12 hours to let it stabilise. Basically, the wet-bulb thermometer measures the evaporative cooling effect. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. This was quite an achievement a few years later. There arent any unique health problems associated with this bird. How can I tell if eggs are late quitters? Don't allow your curiosity to damage your hatch. Do not adjust the heat upward during the first 48 hours after eggs are set. Precisely how long an egg takes to hatch depends on a lot of factors including species, breed, strain, conditions under which the egg was stored prior to incubation, and conditions during incubation. When they arrived, I had the Cochins, 3 Silkies, and a pair of white Seramas. Do you keep them outside? An egg tooth is a hard tooth-like growth on the end of a chick's beak that enables them to crack its shell. Ebay hits me for late shipping, damaging my seller rating due to the time. Make sure you check the pan every few days while you are incubating to ensure that the correct water amount is there.My last caution when talking about changing the humidity is that whenever you add water to an incubator, make sure it is about the same temperature as the air in the incubator so you do not stress the eggs or the incubator. How long do I boil bantam eggs? Unfortunately, the Serama breed has inherited a lethal gene from their counterparts, the Japanese bantams. With serama, the smaller birds are less productive and even sterile. With proper care and attention, Serama chickens can thrive and make a positive contribution to the diverse world of chicken breeds. Please email me Id love to chat with you, as you are experienced. Geese will lay eggs in the spring and early summer. Treatment involves antifungal medication and good hygiene practices. They were bred by crossing various small breeds of bantam chickens, including Japanese bantams, with local Malaysian chickens. The Serama chicken is one of the most recognized small breeds in the world. They will commonly range in height from as small as six inches to as tall as slightly under ten inches. Once the chicks hatch, they should be kept in a warm, dry environment with access to food and . For peace of mind, it's also possible to check the eggs to see if something has gone wrong and the eggs can be discarded. Where can I find them? The Serama originated in the Kelantan province of Malaysia. This includes regular dust baths and occasional trimming of their nails and beaks. If it doesn't hatch, there is usually a good reason.Also, prematurely helping the chick hatch could cripple or infect the chick. Do you breed Seramas? This period depends on the time that the egg was laid. The Serama has a muscular body and carries a full breast. This condition can occur quickly (within 1 or 2 minutes) when the incubator is opened to remove or assist other chicks that are hatching. How long do I wait for chicks to hatch? It will take another 2-3 days for a . They are smart, lovable, talkative, and fit into a relatively small space. This can be important for maintaining genetic diversity and reducing the risk of inbreeding. It would take 5 of these eggs to match the contents of one grade A egg! To perform a float test, you'll need a bowl of 100-degree water deep enough for an egg to submerge. I have a cochin on mixed eggs as well and hers are hatching early, tomorrow is day 21 for those. You may have larger and smaller birds from one hatch, but all should be no more than 10 inches tall. Owners should ensure that their chickens have access to shade, plenty of fresh water, and a well-ventilated coop. I have 12 eggs in my incubator and am hopping for the best. Please, if you experience a power failure, do not give up the possibility that the eggs will hatch. Write us at info(at)knowyourchickens.com with any questions or concerns! Characteristically, Seramas have large wings when considered in proportion to their bodies, and they hold their wings downward, nearly touching the ground. A great method is to take pillows, and place them on top of the incubator, and around the sides.Then cover the pillows with blankets. This can be achieved using an incubator or a broody hen. If it doesn't hatch, there is usually a good reason. For instance running the incubator at 105F for 15 minutes will seriously affect the embryos, causing many birth defects, (if not killing the embryos) while running it at 95 for 3 or 4 hours will only slow the chick's metabolic rate.An incubator should be operated in a location as free from drafts as possible and in direct sunlight. Commentdocument.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "acb8086a41cb45fed3cca3918b391c70" );document.getElementById("d926f7c7d8").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The breed was created by selective cross-breeding of Japanese bantams with the local bantams of Malaysia. 4 ervna, 2022; Posted by: Category: Uncategorized But you should certainly start observing eggs very closely from day 21 onwards, and I recommend testing the eggs to make sure there are live chicks inside ready to hatch. They are active foragers and can help keep lawns and gardens free from pests. The beginnings of the breed can be traced back to the 1600s. There are two types of incubators commonly used: Again, temperatures for the forced-air incubator should be set at 99-99.5F and 60-65% relative humidity (83-88F wet bulb). It is difficult to provide too much oxygen, but a deficiency is possible. How long between the hatches, Jersey Giant And OEG Bantam Are A Bonded Pair, Emergencies / Diseases / Injuries and Cures. . Many experts say if you can turn them 4-5 times a day it is even better. Some people have had success breeding even smaller than the micro size, but that comes at a high price for the bird. They have a small, compact body with broad chests and muscular legs. The true ancestry of the Serama is filled with uncertain claims and myths in relation to the breeds origin. Seramas come in four accepted sizes and weights: Birds larger than C are not accepted. Mine laid eggs 2 weeks ago I thought it took just a week So, when hatching them along with other duck eggs, set them a day later. READ THE FULL DISCLAIMER.GDPR - THIS SITE DOES NOT COLLECT OR STORE ANY INFORMATION. Seramas are not able to eat pellets, as the size is too large for them, so they will need a diet of either crumbles or mash. Eugene. Overall, Serama chickens are a valuable addition to the chicken farming world. The Serama has inherited a lethal gene from the Japanese bantams; if it is present in the bird, about of the chicks will not hatch. Serama chickens have a striking and unique appearance that makes them a popular breed for exhibition and competition. Serama chickens are inexpensive to rear as they consume only about one pound of feed per month, eating regular chicken feed, a 50/50 mixture of game bird breeder feed and chicken crumbles. The comb is single and red, as are the wattles. This weekly number equates out to approximately 180-200 eggs laid per year. Im in Pennsylvania and we just did it (and currently have even more incubating now, lol) and it has been the most rewarding experience. WE DO NOT ACCEPT ANY LIABILITY ARISING FORM SUCH ERRORS, OMISSIONS, LOST OF DATA, INTERRUPTIONS OR DELAYS OR ANY ONGOING OBLIGATION OR RESPONSIBILITY TO OPERATE THIS WEBSITE OR IN THE PROVISION OF ITS SERVICES. Now given a preference, overheating is more critical than under heating. How long will it take my eggs to hatch? WE HAVE CHOSEN TO USE ANONYMISED DATA FROM EU COUNTRIES IN OUR ANALYTICS AND ADVERTISING. Related - Here's how to use the warm water method to check if eggs are about to hatch. Sign up to receive awesome content in your inbox, every month. Hi Tim, my husband and I are going to be in Northern GA next month. Serama chickens are relatively easy to care for and require similar care and maintenance as other breeds of chickens. Incubation: Serama eggs require a temperature of around 99.5F and a humidity level of 50-55% for successful incubation. KnowYourChickens.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. They have a small comb and wattles, which makes them well-suited for hot and humid climates. Sometimes, thermometers are inaccurate, so I would advise using two thermometers if possible to get the most accurate reading.Now you might be asking yourself, how much can the temperature vary without affecting your hatch rate. The same stipulations apply to the size of the Seramas. How Long Do Chicken Eggs Take To Incubate and Hatch? This fascinating little bird is absolutely ideal for anyone who wants an indoor chicken. . Most creatures that hatch from a shell are born with an egg tooth. It is very crucial to later hatches that you thoroughly clean and disinfect the incubator before and after you use it. Here are some important factors to consider when breeding and hatching Serama chicks: Breeding: Serama chickens can be bred naturally, through natural mating between a rooster and a hen, or through artificial insemination. The roosters can be aggressive towards one another, so they should not be kept together. Hi there, I am looking to get my first ever chickens down the line. Usually the chick is peeping loudly through this process and wiggles more and more if their able. Pipping is the term used when a chick starts to break out of its eggshell. Symptoms include a foul-smelling discharge and irritation around the vent. How Can You Tell If an Egg Will Not Hatch? They should not be given more than 4-6 eggs to hatch as they cannot cover them adequately. Humidity should be around 60% for the first 17 days and raised to about 70% for the. Current treatment regimens for pediculicides of two applications 7-10 days apart appear inadequate, which may explain continuing infestation in the community. An enclosed aviary area with a grass base will keep them very happy indeed. Parasites: Serama chickens can be affected by a range of parasites, including lice, mites, and worms. Eggs will take longer than usual to hatch if they are held for a while before being set, or are set in an incubator that runs on the slightly cool side. Although they can be assertive, they are straightforward to handle being a calm and personable bird they make fabulous house pets. , I have 4 hens and 2 roosters I love them so much they greet me every day talk to me when I talk to them love my kids Will sit in their lap for hours, By far my favorite chicken. Cherry shrimp eggs take approximately 21 days to hatch. Jacki, Hi Jacki, Second Opinions - Is it time to give up on this egg? Although Serama Chickens make excellent house pets, they do lay eggs. If you have successfully gotten to the point where your eggs have pipped, then you can do two things. My unorthodox steps: Before opening incubator, I turn the shower on in the bathroom(where my Brinsea incubator is, till room is quite steamy/(leave it on till you leave the room)). Smaller eggs including those of most bantams tend to hatch a day or two earlier than 21 days. My names ryan. Pros and Cons of Buying Mail Order Chicks vs. You can candle the eggs to see if they are fertile after 10 days if the hen will allow you to. Im planning to hatch them with a Broody. This is a Agriculture & Forestries for Sale in Spirit Lake ID posted on Oodle Classifieds. It also varies from breed to breed, Silkies are renowned for being slow starters. Here's how to use the warm water method to check if eggs are about to hatch, Or, check out our extensive list of the best hatcheries by state here, Old English Pheasant Fowl Chicken Breed Info, Muffed Old English Game Chicken Breed Info. Serama eggs aren't doing anything, no rocking anymore altho they were yesterday and no chirps or peeps. The incubation time for Seramas usually runs around 19-20 days total. June 22, 2022; Posted by . The greater the evaporation taking place, the lower the temperature reading on the wet-bulb thermometer and the larger the spread will be between the wet- and dry-bulb readings. They should have access to an outdoor run or be allowed to free-range in a safe and secure area. At what age do bantam chickens lay eggs? How long should I wait before for the others to MAYBE hatch? Not only is the Serama breed the smallest recognized chicken in the world, but it is one of the more expensive breeds as well. In the hen, the wattles and comb are much smaller than the male. We publish weekly guides and articles written by experienced chicken enthusiasts! The Seramas have a single comb, and both it and their wattles are red. An egg is porous, which allows bacteria to enter. opening the incubator to check on the eggs. To anyone thinking of getting one of those cute little coops. Serama chicks need to be fed crumble or mash as well, and because they are somewhat tiny will need a quail designated waterer to prevent falling in and drowning. Do not turn eggs during the last three days before hatching. Seramas chickens are a type of bantam chickens that came from Malaysia. When I called him he said yes he had Seramas . Bought only one serma 2 years ago and she is the nicest people chicken lol. I lost her mate 3 months ago, so if fertile, the chicks will be mixed, from one of my regular roosters. The smallest strain of the breed that of the micro has a hatching time of only 15-17 days. I have a small flock and eggs in the incubator , I am in Washington 425-345-6858. Omg my first hen is quite the character. The Serama breed originates from Malaysia, in the province of Kelantan, and is the countries number choice for a house pet. There have been some flock keepers that have successfully bred Seramas smaller than the micro standard, but unfortunately, this breeding comes at a high price to the bird. The deal included a little pre-fab coop and run. Bacteria can be damaging to you and me, not to mention to a 3 day old embryo. It would take 5 of these eggs to match the contents of one grade A egg!
How To Avoid Border Patrol Checkpoints In Texas, Brian O'malley Obituary, Scleritis Treatment Eye Drops, Articles H