c. denial. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. d. transference. c. replace problematic behaviors with more appropriate ones. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. d. existential. b. transference. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. 35. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" According to Freud, another term for the symbolic meaning of dreams is: a. positive transference. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: a. biological. b. good long-term prognoses. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. b. map, or sequence, genes. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? b. self-actualization. 37. c. intellectualization. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. 23. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. In other words, they present themselves in a favorable light. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. 151. b. early childhood trauma. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? The biological model is generally well respected today but suffers a few key issues. 143. All of the following describe drawbacks of the cognitive-behavioral model EXCEPT: a. it is difficult to test in the laboratory. 2.2.1.5. 2.2.3.1. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. a. Dysfunction b. c. the id, ego, and superego. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. b. behavioral-focused Breuers wife, Mathilde, became jealous of her husbands relationship with the young girl, leading Breuer to terminate treatment in June of 1882 before Anna had fully recovered. d. latent content. 53. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: a. id. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. The existential perspective. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. d. displacement. d. psychodynamic. d. latency stage. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? b. resistance. Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. b. hypotheses. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? d. disengagement. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego, 38. A primary focus of community-based mental health treatments is: a. education. b. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: a. genetic make-up. 24. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. 2.3.2.2. b. cognitive-behavioral Stimulants increase ones alertness and attention and are frequently used to treat ADHD. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. c. repression. b. axons. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. In Module 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. b. develop depression even when not under stress. Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. 50. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. The important thing to understand is that not all behaviors occur due to reinforcement and punishment as operant conditioning says. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. They are sexual in nature. b. focusing on the here and now. Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. Operant conditioning is a type of associate learning which focuses on consequences that follow a response or behavior that we make (anything we do or say) and whether it makes a behavior more or less likely to occur. 107. How so? Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. b. secondary prevention. b. His name is A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? What happens to the neurotransmitters that do not bind to a receptor site? The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. Describe the role of hormonal imbalances in mental illness. Malnutrition before birth, exposure to viruses, and other psychosocial factors are potential causes of schizophrenia. b. rationalization. Source: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml. c. the conscious mind. 113. d. conditions of worth. She is constantly looking to friends and family members for help with these decisions and gets anxious when she has to decide alone. And if a nipple is placed in their mouth, they will also automatically suck via the sucking reflex. A feminist therapist would MOST likely focus on: a. a womans personal responsibility for her own situation. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. d. cognitive. What Is Abnormal Psychology? Definition and Topics - Verywell Mind This represents the psychodynamic models _____ assumption. It influences blood pressure, thirst, contractions of the uterus during childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior and interest, body growth, the amount of water in the bodys cells, and other functions as well. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Exemplify the effect of attributions on creating abnormal behavior. Evaluating the behavioral model. Students also viewed PSY 381 Chapter 2 Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. b. neurosis. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. d. cognition-focused. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? d. create an ideal set of genes. Maladaptive cognitions. 76. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? What, according to Freud, fuels the id? She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. What are some issues facing the biological model? They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. c. moderate to severe mental illness and a coexisting developmental disorder. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. Often, proponents of a given model find themselves in disagreement with proponents of other models. 2.2.2. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. Shonda responds by changing the subject. She could see the answers of the person next to her and briefly considered copying his answers. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. d. discounted the concept of abnormality and focused on acceptance. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. The pairing must occur more than once so that needless pairings are not learned such as someone farting right before your food comes out and now you salivate whenever someone farts (at least for a while. 2.3.3.1. The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). Which is an example of a biological treatment for this condition? Negative means that something is being taken away good or bad. a. an actual symptom b. the community mental health system c. labeling d. communication. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. projection. b. neurotransmitters. b. family therapy. Uni-dimensional models alone are too simplistic to explain the etiology of mental disorders fully. Figure 2.8. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. In the case of men. The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.. d. unconscious feelings of loss. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. c. humanistic-existential a. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. None of the models are complete within themselves. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. We see this in the case of reflexes. a. id b. superego c. self d. ego. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. First, free association involves the patient describing whatever comes to mind during the session. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. Robin struggles to make decisions about romantic partners, jobs, and even what to wear. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. A patient has social anxiety disorder. a. modeling. Medical Model: Definition, Mental Health, Psychology - StudySmarter US 2.4: The Sociocultural Model - Social Sci LibreTexts d. displacement. c. existential. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. 126. What is it? Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that deals with psychopathology and abnormal behavior, often in a clinical context. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: show unconditional positive regard for the client's statements.
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